The population shift from rural to urban of the last 4 decades, influenced by the cumulative effects of external interventions, weakened rural economies and increased external dependency by concentrating people in unproductive cities. This contributed to change the intended “developmental“dynamics of African societies into the downward spirals of disintegration and collapse.
The current “food and energy crisis”, undermines the precarious livelihood of peri-urban and rural societies.
Demographic pressure,
running short resources and the failing to appear catastrophe. The dynamics of
livelihood strategies among the Moba-Gurma farmers of Northern
Togo
