In the decades after Structural adjustment in Nigeria, the labour market has changed significantly. The informal labour market has expanded in cities as the adverse effects of the neo-liberal reconstruction of the Nigerian state and markets have deepened. However the history of the conglomeration of casual labour in Owerri (the capital of Imo State) is linked to 1976 when the state was created. Road-junctions became recruitment posts that serve as labour market for migrants that commute daily from the rural hinterlands to the metropolis in search of jobs and by evening return back to their villages or dwell in squatter settlements at the suburb. This study identifies ways the informality is expressed, examines the nature of involvement of employers and workers in diverse informal networks of exchange, and determines how they can be assisted by the state. Primary data were obtained from structured and unstructured questionnaires, use of interview schedule and focus group discussions (FGDs). The study revealed that labourers roam around the junctions in a disorganized way and rush on employers of labour; and their work hours range from 7 - 12 hours daily. Since labourers are ever mobile they are in possession of all their tools each morning. They dominate in construction work and cargo handling. Employers admit that there is good bargaining, and no agreement signing is required during recruitment, but 55 percent work under unfavourable conditions due to zero regulations. The issuance of licenses and creation of job centers for labourers by Government is being recommended.

Les lieux et les espaces de production, de collecte, de transport et de négociation des déchets solides municipaux se multiplient dans les espaces des villes d'Afrique subsaharienne où la croissance urbaine, associée à l'exode rural constitue un défi urbain majeur. Si plusieurs études ont traité de la gestion des déchets sur ce continent, jusqu'ici on en sait encore moins sur les villes intermédiaires alors qu'elles accueillent de plus en plus la majorité de citadins et néo-citadins. A travers le cas de Bafoussam au Cameroun, une ville de noyau urbain colonial, cette étude décrit les espaces occupés par l'ordure et met en évidence le quotidien des récupérateurs de déchets solides municipaux. De plus, les usages de l'espace urbain par des citadins selon la typologie des déchets éliminés sont analysés. Abordant l'approche théorique de la urban political ecology, cette recherche suit une méthodologie mixte basée sur des entretiens semi-structurés avec différents récupérateurs selon le type de déchets traités, ainsi que sur une observation participante du quotidien de la collecte. L'étude révèle que les citadins et néo-citadins à la quête de moyens de subsistance, participent dans la production de l'espace urbain à travers la récupération et la revalorisation des déchets. De plus, cette recherche dévoile le récit du travail des récupérateurs informels et formels impliqués dans la valorisation des ordures. Cette lecture des lieux et des espaces de déchets en ville expose la façon dont les urbains africains participent à la gestion urbaine à travers une ressource à la fois rejetée et négociée.

How does the development of the cheap trade contributes to specific territorial dynamics in African towns? Baubles from China have flooded African markets: plastic sandals, fashion accessories, cheap clothes, etc. can be found everywhere, from busy metropolitan commercial areas to small periodic markets in rural areas. The specificity of those bauble is that they are widely available and cheap; they are adapted to low income populations living in both rural and urban areas. Thus, baubles circulate extensively; flowing and connecting the centers with some margins of the world.

From a geopolitics of the cheap trade, the paper argues that the development of the bauble trade route organizes an interstitial resource-space, through the socio-spatial mobility of actors and movements of items. This interstitial resource-space provides economic opportunities which are appropriated by an intertwined maze of traders and actors holding some political and administrative powers that facilitate or complicate the connections.

This space is characterised by rural-urban, urban-rural, formal-informal and agriculture-trade interplays. It consists of booming trading places, new urban-rural mobility and unprecedented connections to transnational networks. The later combine social with professional and political networks. The paper is based on fieldworks done in Cameroon, Kenya and Tanzania, mainly in secondary towns (Bafoussam, Kisumu and Mbeya). The analysis of the daily governance of the cheap trade represents what I call "a geopolitics of the streets and of marketplaces": it shows the conflictual production of commercial urban territories (from actors from below to public policies) and their inconspicuous linkages (sometimes undisclosable) with network logics.

This paper investigates the relationship between mobility and urban space in Sub-Saharan Africa through the lens of the mukhero practice, name given to the informal trades which span Mozambican borders. Born as a traditional survival practice, the mukhero is today well-blended with global logics and has a relevant, as underestimated role in shaping spaces and urbanity. Mukheristas, i.e. the people doing the mukhero, deploy movement as a livelihood strategy to carve out space in the everyday life of the city, in so connecting heterogeneous spaces and networks across transnational distances and translocal geographies.

The paper reports the findings of a multi-situated ethnographic exploration on the tracks of mukheristas between Johannesburg and Maputo, with the aim of unveiling the socio-spatial agency implicit in their practices. Mobility makes space. Through the 'mukhero prism' the paper presents some first reflections on how mobility actually makes city in the African urban context. Being it inextricably bound up with other spatialities and a fundamental 'source of capital', it is useful to unveil and interpret new organizing principles of the African urban life.

This paper uses empirical data, based on five years of ethnographic research on women from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Nigeria and Zimbabwe living in inner-city Johannesburg as refugees and economic migrants. Specifically, it looks to shed light on commonly used policy and theoretical concepts - urban governance and informality. It explores these concepts through the lived experiences of migrant women in Johannesburg - a population that lives in the city's interstices - 'between and betwixt' a romanticized past and an imagined future elsewhere. In this limbo location, women's everyday lives and relationships unveil a world that has a profound effect on the city they live in. Their lives show us how significant they are in shaping the actions of state agents, and overturning common understandings of urban governance as a state-led project. As we follow them through the city's streets, the boundaries between legality and illegality, formal and informal, official and unofficial city collapse, rendering these categories inaccurate descriptors of the city or their lives. Migrant women compel us to rethink the twin frames that have for so long shaped how we plan and govern cities: the legal versus illegal city, the formal versus informal city, the visible versus invisible city.

Creating an integrated post-apartheid society has been one of South Africa's developmental goals since the dawn of democracy. Overcoming the segregated spatial legacy to create a more integrated socio-economic geography has been central to this goal. Yet the past two decades have seen contestations over what an integrated geography means and the relationship between urban and rural spaces. Little has been done by both scholars and planners to adequately consider how mobility and migration are (a) central to people's lived experiences; (b) transforming social spaces; and (c) creating forms of integration and disconnection. Recognising this not only challenges the state's predominantly unidirectional understanding of migration, but also the prevalent "urban planning" ideals that dominate the planning discourse. This mode of thinking has focused largely on the development of urban space, neglecting rural areas and thus the translocal nature of contemporary lives. Through an assessment of the Reconstruction and Development Programme' (RDP) and the Growth, Employment and Redistribution's (GEAR) housing policies, this paper argues that the focus on rural-urban dualism and the neglect of broader migration patterns have led to the planning and implementation of projects that undermine the broader post-apartheid socio-economic project.

The paper looks at local-global activism as a new phenomenon in the realm of housing based on a research project, which included empirical studies in South Africa. The focus will be on the activities of 'Shack/Slum Dwellers International' (SDI) in South Africa, an alliance between local federations and national support NGOs. The SDI model has been studied in terms of their practices such as enumerations, savings, exchanges and relations to the state and international agencies. Here, focus will be given to emerging rescaling of practices by the transnational grassroots network namely on three levels: 1) the organisational shift from membership to settlement-wide representation, 2) the change in their objectives from single projects to city-wide programs and, 3) finally the shift from transnational exchanges to foster regional clusters. The core question raised is how can we conceptualize evolutions of transnational grassroots practice and the meaning for housing and urban research in Africa?

References:

Herrle, P.; Ley, A.; Fokdal, J. (eds.) (2015): From Local Action to Global Networks. Housing the Urban Poor. Ashgate: Farnham (UK) and Burlington (USA).

Maputo's urban transformation is marked by a dynamic interrelation between more informal and formal practices of urban planning and development, increasingly influenced by a market logic of space production in the current neoliberal context (Jorge, 2017; Melo, 2015). Space availability, land value, different ways of living and different perceptions about the city are some of the aspects which play an important role in the inhabitants' residential mobility, according to their socio-economic background and origins.

The pericentral self-produced neighbourhoods and the more peripheral ones, some of which were object of official land demarcations, exemplify different urban spaces marked by this residential mobility. The strategically located pericentral neighbourhoods are attractive to capital investments and new residents and, simultaneously, spaces of population outflow, due to gentrification processes, under the market logic or not. In turn, the most peripheral ones are mainly reception areas for population coming from various locations, including the pericentral neighbourhoods. The paper explores the processes that promote the residential mobility between these two large areas of the Mozambican capital, as well as how they are materialized in the urban space, taking into account the different socio-economic groups who move between them.

Bibliographical references

MELO, Vanessa (2015). The recent production of urban African peripheries. Discourses, practices and spatial configuration: Maputo versus Luanda and Johannesburg. PhD thesis on urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon.

Jorge, Sílvia (2017). Interdicted Places. The pericentral selfproduced neighbourhoods of Maputo. PhD thesis on urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon [submited and waiting for examination].